Population+Page

[[image:elliot-fry-joseph-lister-english-surgeon-medical-scientist-and-founder-of-antiseptic-surgery.jpg]]
-Born April 5th, 1827 -Died February 10th, 1912 -British Surgeon and Pioneer of antiseptic surgery -Attended University of London, where he studied the Arts and graduated with honors as Bachelor of Medicine. He then entered the Royal College of Surgeons in his late 20s -Promoted sterile surgery while working at Glasgow Royal Infirmary -Instructed surgeons to use correct cleaning procedures, such as wearing clean gloves and washing hands regularly, as well as barring the use of natural, porous surgical instruments while in an operation -Proved the surgical methods to perform internal surgery. Went on to operate on Edward VII, eventually saving him from appendicitis -Became the 2nd man to operate on a brain tumor -Developed a method of repairing kneecaps (using metal wire) -Improved the technique of mastectomy (removing one's breasts to limit tumor growth) -Raised to Baronet for his achievements (referred to as 'Sir')
 * -**Introduced carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds, which reduced chances of getting gangrene

Thomas Malthus
- Born February 14, 1766 - Malthus was a British scholar specializing in political economy and demography -Wrote the book // An Essay on the Principle of Population //, which was later sited by Darwin and helped lead to Darwin’s theory on evolution; it also led to the once per ten year census of England, Scotland, and Wales -Labeled two ways to balance population and food supply: preventative checks, those that affect the birth rates, and positive checks, those that affect the death rate. -Advocated for welfare reform: laws distributing money to the poor directly based upon the number of children the receiving family has will only encourage poor families to procreate further -Died December 29, 1834

Albert Sabin
-Born August 26, 1906 in Bialystok, Russia -Died March 3, 1993 in Washington, D.C. -Immigrated to America with his family in 1921 -Received a medical degree from New York University -Trained in internal medicine, pathology and surgery at Bellevue Hospital in New York City -Conducted research at The Lister Institute for preventive medicine in England -Joined The Rockefeller Institute for Medical research, then later moved to Children's Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio -Helped develop a vaccine against Japanese encephalitis -Developed an oral vaccine for Polio in 1954 -Tested oral vaccine between 1955-1960 on over 100 million people in the USSR -Returned to the U.S. in April, 1960 to give the vaccine to over 180,000 school children in Cincinnati, making Cincinnati the first city to become effectively ridden of Polio

**Sir Alexander Fleming**
-Born August 6th, 1881 in Ayrshire, Scotland -Died March 11, 1955 in London, England -Qualified with distinction in 1906 and began research at St. Mary's under Sir Almroth Wright, a pioneer in vaccine therapy -He served throughout World War I as a captain in the Army Medical Corps -Early in his medical life, Fleming became interested in the natural bacterial action of the blood and in antiseptics -In 1921, he discovered in (tissues and secretions) an important bacteriologic substance which he named Lysozyme -In 1928, while working on the influenza virus, he observed that mold had developed accidentally on a culture plate and that the mold, which he would later name Penicillin, had created a bacteria-free circle around itself -Because of his discovery of Penicillin and Lysozyme, Fleming would win the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1928, and would later be named one of the top 100 most important people of the 20th century

Edward Jenner
-Born May 17, 1749 in Berkeley, Gloucestershire -Died January 26, 1823 in Berkeley, Gloucestershire -Trained as a surgeon from 1764-1770, beginning while he was only 14 -Noticed the trend that those that worked directly with animals did not traditionally acquire Smallpox -Developed an initial vaccine for Smallpox by working with the Cowpox virus (a similar, but much less deadly, form of Smallpox) -On May 14, 1796, Jenner successfully immunized an 8 year old boy against Smallpox -Vaccine and findings were initially rejected, but later accepted (after more test cases,) and vaccine was distributed by the English government beginning in 1840 -Coined the term 'vaccine' from the Latin word "vacca," which means "cow" -Became the credited founder of Immunology

Marie (Madame) Curie


-Born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867. -Went to school in Paris to obtained her degree in Physics and the Mathematical Sciences. -Marries Pierre Curie, a professor of general Physics, and took over his job after his death. She was also appointed Director of the Curie Laboratory in the Radium Institute of the University of Paris. -Developed methods for the separation of radium from radioactive residues in sufficient quantities -Promoted the use of radium to alleviate suffering -Worked to open a laboratory in her hometown Warsaw, and in 1929 President Hoover presented her with a gift of $50,000 donated by American friends of science to purchase radium the laboratory.


 * Florence Nightingale**

[[image:bl-florence-nightingale-3.jpg width="340" height="206"]]
- Born May 12, 1820 - 1854, Nightingale went to Crimea with 38 nurses, 10 nuns, and a few friends to treat the wounded - Despite the horrid conditions, the death rate of those that went to the war hospital was 42% and was finally brought down to 2% with the proper sanitation - 1856, Nightingale visited Queen Victoria and was able to get her support to build a training school for military nurses - May, 10 1910, Florence Nightingale recieved the Norweigen Red Cross Award - Died August 13, 1910